A Decade of Knowm SDC Memristor Literature, Part 1

More than a decade ago, before we had sold a single device, Alex Nugent and I tried to lay the whole idea out in one paper: AHaH Computing — From Metastable Switches to Attractors to Machine Learning (PLoS ONE, 2014). It runs the full stack end to end — the metastable-switch (MSS) device model, the Anti-Hebbian and Hebbian (AHaH) plasticity rules and the nodes you build from differential memristor pairs, and a set of machine-learning benchmarks (Breast Cancer, MNIST, Reuters, Census Income) run in both functional and full-circuit simulation.

We planted that seed in 2016 by selling the physical device. This series is about what grew from it: which of those ideas other groups verified independently, which they extended in directions we never took, and where the device went off and surprised us.

We have sold a physical memristor — the Self-Directed Channel (SDC) device — since 2016. I wanted to know what people have done with it, so over the last few weeks I built a corpus of every paper I could find that uses or cites the SDC device or the MSS model, and ran it through a reproducible mining pipeline. This post is the first cut of what came out.

It is meant as a resource. If you are about to work with these devices, this is the map: who went before you, what they tried, and what they measured. Everything below is generated from a single papers.json corpus file — download it and run your own queries — so the counts and the index are reproducible and will update as the literature grows.

The seeds we planted#

Before any of the papers below existed, we put the pieces into the open so people could build on them. If you are modeling the device or doing machine learning with it, start here:

• The vision — AHaH Computing, PLoS ONE 2014: MSS model → AHaH nodes → machine-learning benchmarks, all in one paper.
• The model, implemented — the Generalized Metastable Switch model, with worked implementations in LTspice and Xyce / Verilog-A (full write-ups on the modeling hub). The code is open source in memristor-models-4-all, and jSpice is our memristor-aware SPICE engine. We did this Xyce and LTspice work years before the wave of SPICE-modeling papers — it is the standard they are (re)building.
• The ML and the data — the PLoS simulation source is in knowm/AHaH, and the exact benchmarks from the paper are packaged in knowm/Datasets: Breast Cancer Wisconsin, MNIST, Reuters-21578, Census Income, and more. Anyone can pull those and reproduce the numbers.
• The hardware — the physical SDC memristor, on sale since 2016, with operating guidance (thresholds, max ratings, current-limit rule) in the SDC datasheet.
• The platform — Memristor Discovery, our open-source application for running experiments on the device with a Digilent Analog Discovery 2 — everything from raw I–V curves to a full classification demo.

Here is Alex using exactly that platform to run a simple classification experiment on real Knowm memristors:

Everything after this section is what the rest of the world did once those seeds were out.

A few papers worth pulling out#

The index at the bottom is the whole haystack. Before we get there, here are a few needles — papers I keep coming back to. Each one either verifies something from that original PLoS paper or extends it somewhere we never went. I will add to this list over time; if you have a favorite I missed, tell me.

Xu et al. 2025 — Evaluation of memristor performance in neural networks using an AHaH framework. AHaH is our machine-learning architecture — a classifier built from differential memristor pairs — and this is one of the few independent groups to implement it. They build the AHaH classifier from our compositional machine-learning work and drive it with the MSS device model and parameters taken straight from our 2014 PLoS paper, then run it on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset — one of the exact classification benchmarks we published in that paper, where our AHaH classifier reached an F1 score of 0.997. In other words, an outside group independently reproduced one of our headline AHaH benchmarks. This is all in simulation — the AHaH classifier runs in software against the MSS model, not against physical parts on a bench. Working in that simulated setting lets them push past what we did: they swap in several modeled device chemistries (including a silver-chalcogenide device much like the SDC) and stress the classifier with read noise, cyclic degradation, and abrupt “cliff-like” resistance jumps. Their takeaway is that the device’s dynamics, not its raw resistance, drive accuracy — gradual degradation is easy to compensate for, but sudden cliff-like drops are what wreck the network.

Gogoi & Mallajosyula 2020 — A comparative study on the forming methods of chalcogenide memristors. This one tests our tungsten SDC device by name — W bottom electrode, Ge₂Se₃ active layer, Ag top — and answers a question we get a lot: how should you form it? They try five methods (sinusoidal, linear voltage sweep, linear current sweep, constant bias, and fast pulse), and the headline lines up with what our datasheet already says — “forming voltages do not need to exceed normal operating voltages”: you do not need a separate high-voltage electroforming step. A normal low-voltage operating sweep forms the channel on its own — they call a dedicated current-sweep forming step “redundant since the subsequent voltage sweep for device operation itself acts as a forming step.” Their measured set/reset of roughly +0.25 V / −0.1 V sit right on top of our datasheet’s +0.26 V / −0.11 V, and they confirm the self-directed-channel mechanism is its own thing, not a conductive-bridge (CBRAM) cell. Two practical warnings fall out: current-sweep forming gives a gradual, poor ON/OFF result, and driving the device hard negative (around −4.3 V) can phase-change the active layer — so don’t.

Mazur et al. 2025 — Strategies to finding optimal parameters for plasticity changes in memristor-based systems. Where Xu’s study is simulation, this one is hands-on hardware. The Szaciłowski group at AGH in Kraków bought our “W” devices and went hunting for the pulse parameters that give clean synaptic behavior. They map potentiation/depression, spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP), and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) directly on the device — at under a picojoule per pulse — and use it to argue, rightly, that the field needs shared testing and benchmarking protocols so results from different memristive systems can be compared. If you are planning to use a Knowm device as a synapse, this is a practical starting point for where to set your pulses — alongside the operating window, current-limit, and series-resistor guidance in our datasheet.

More to come — I am still hand-picking a few additions here.

How much is there, really?#

After deduping and screening, the corpus holds 337 papers that engage with Knowm — not a passing keyword hit. The chart below is the full decade, each paper colored by how it engages the device.

What I read off this:

1. The volume is climbing — roughly tripled from the late 2010s to the mid 2020s, with 2024 the busiest year. 2026 is partial, so do not read the short bar as a downturn.
2. The blue band — papers that put a real device on a bench and measured it — is the largest and steadiest. This is not a simulation-only literature.
3. The green band is MSS-model work in SPICE and similar, often without touching hardware.

Stacked up year over year, the body of work a new researcher inherits has climbed past 300 — 327 of the 337 papers carry a publication year:

Each paper lands in one of four engagement tiers — this is the classification the pipeline assigns:

• Measured a real device — put physical Knowm hardware on a bench and characterized it.
• Used the MSS / Knowm model — simulated with our metastable-switch model (or the generalized version).
• Names / uses (unclear) — clearly works with Knowm but the available text does not let us pin down device-vs-model.
• Cites Knowm — references the device or model in passing.

I count a citation as engagement on purpose. A paper that cites Knowm is almost always using either the device or the model, and I would rather keep a borderline paper than drop a real user. The evidence ladder, high to low: a human decision, then full PDF text, then an abstract read, then a keyword match.

Where the work comes from#

The device is global. Of the 232 papers with a resolvable lead-author affiliation, here is the split by country (the other 105 — datasheets, theses, and records without a clean institution — are left out).

China leads by a wide margin, then the USA, then Chile — with a broad European cluster behind them (Spain, Poland, Bulgaria, Austria, the UK, France) and a strong showing from India. The country where the device is made is not where it is most used — most of this work happens somewhere else. The actual lab map — who measured what, and where — is the subject of Part 3.

What spread: the device and the model, not (yet) the architecture#

We have put three different things into the world, and the field picked them up at very different rates.

1. The physical memristors — the big one. More than 120 papers (the blue band above) put a real Knowm device on the bench and measured it, and more are hiding in the “uses Knowm, details unclear” pile. If you want prior art on how the device behaves, this is where most of it is — Part 3 will be a who’s-who of the groups doing it.
2. The MSS model. Around three dozen papers (the green band) use our Metastable Switch model, or its generalized version, as their simulation basis. The strongest signal here is not the count but that other groups extend the model rather than replace it: Laguna-Sanchez adds α-stable switching thresholds, El-Geresy builds an event-based version. That is what adoption looks like.
3. The architecture — kT-RAM, kT-bits, AHaH nodes. This one has barely traveled. Exactly five papers in the whole corpus engage the architecture itself, and two of those are ours (Molter 2016, Nugent 2017). That leaves three independent ones: Abbood 2021, and the recent Xu 2025 and Xie 2026. The device and the model are everywhere; the computing architecture we have been building around them is still almost entirely ours to carry.

Practically, that tells you where the well-worn paths are. If you want to measure or simulate an SDC device, you are joining a crowd with shared tools and a decade of prior art. If you want to build AHaH machines out of kT-bits, there is very little to lean on yet — a warning or an opportunity, depending on your temperament.

The heavy hitters#

If you only read a dozen papers, the citation counts pick a reasonable dozen. Here are the most-cited works in the corpus.

Three papers sit at the top, nearly tied: Campbell’s high-temperature device paper — the device itself, described by the person who fabricates it — just ahead of Minati’s physical-memristor chaos circuit and Berdan’s synaptic-dynamics paper, an early, influential use of it as a synapse. Our generalized MSS model paper is fourth. After that the list spreads across chaos circuits, in-memory logic, neuromorphic and machine-learning work, and device physics — a good sign the device found a lot of different niches.

Essential reading#

Citation count is a popularity contest, not a syllabus. Here is a curated short list instead — the papers I would hand a new researcher, grouped by what each one is good for. I treat Knowm’s own sources as the baseline the rest is measured against: the device from Campbell, the model from Molter, the architecture from Nugent.

The full index#

Below is the complete corpus — every relevant paper, newest first, with how it engages Knowm and its citation count. This is the thing I most wanted when I started: one list, in one place. It is generated from papers.json, so it grows as the literature does.

Full index — all 337 relevant papers (click to expand)

Year	First author	Title	Engages	Cites
2026	Bhardwaj	Experimental Demonstration of Temporally Aware Fault‐Tolerant Sensor Fusion Using Memristive Associative Learning	device	0
2026	Chen	Research on memristor-based logic circuits	model	0
2026	El-Geresy	Delay conditioned generative modelling of resistive drift in memristors	cites	0
2026	Feng	A coupled backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) framework for metastable transition precursors in a stochastically forced Duffing oscillator	cites	0
2026	Fiacco	Implementation of neural networks on FPGAs with memristors for optimizing data processing in ATLAS()	device	0
2026	Frank	Integrating physical unclonable functions from novel nanomaterials, circuit elements, and memory technologies into future hardware architectures	device	0
2026	Go	An energy-and endurance-aware hybrid CMOS–SDC memristor convolutional spiking neural network for edge intelligence	uses	1
2026	Guo	A bio-inspired neuromorphic system for fusing visual features and autonomous learning	cites	0
2026	Jenifer	Emerging SDC Memristor Architectures for AI Hardware: Multibit Storage Capabilities, Thermal Effects, and Dynamic Simulation Analysis	uses	0
2026	Jurj	A Physics-Regularized Neural Surrogate Framework for Printed Memristors	cites	0
2026	Khan	Energy-Efficient Epileptic Seizure Prediction Using RRAM-Based In-Memory Computing	cites	0
2026	Li	Varistructure resistive switching memory devices through dynamical redox of oxides	cites	0
2026	Mladenov	Memristor Models with Parasitic Parameters for Analysis of Passive Memory Arrays	device	0
2026	Pham	Non-pinched hysteresis in CrOx/TiOy-based memristive devices: Modeling and analysis	cites	0
2026	Poreddy	Analyzing analog, digital, asymmetric, and butterfly-like hysteresis characteristics using generalized memristor model	cites	0
2026	Stoyan	Analysis of Memristor-Based Neural Networks and Logic Circuits for Artificial Intelligence Using Standard and Improved Memristor Models	uses	0
2026	Taher	Influence of the Ge–Chalcogenide Active Layer on Electrical Conduction in Self-Directed Channel Memristors	uses	0
2026	Tariq	Memristive Conductance Programming and Dot Products for Inference in Machine Learning	uses	0
2026	Vourkas	How to ‘Tame’ a memristor: advanced control unit for reliable ReRAM operation leveraging prognostics and health management approaches	device	0
2026	Wang	Robust Sb2Se3 memristors via pressure-modulated growth for noise-resilient neuromorphic computing	device	0
2026	Wang	Design of Memristor‐Based Balanced Ternary Full Adder	device	0
2026	Xie	A Memristor-Based SNN Hardware Architecture with AHaH Plasticity	uses	0
2026	Zhao	High-temperature memristors enabled by interfacial engineering	cites	1
2025	Athina	Advancing AI Hardware with SDC Memristors: A Review of Multibit Storage, Thermal Resilience, and Dynamic Simulation Strategies	uses	0
2025	Baran	Memristive Wilson–Cowan Neuron Models: Innovative Conceptual Framework and Programmable Analog and Digital Implementations	cites	1
2025	Barrows	Uncontrolled learning: Codesign of neuromorphic hardware topology for neuromorphic algorithms	device	5
2025	BEDNARZ	TESTING THE SDC MEMRISTORS IN THREE PHASE SYSTEMS	device	0
2025	Bednarz	Memristor-based adaptive leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model: a simulation study	model	0
2025	Chen	Magnetic-field controlled organic spintronic memristor for neural network computation	cites	2
2025	Disfani	High-Speed and Low-Cost In-Array Memristive Multipliers using SIXOR and TMSL Logics	cites	1
2025	El-Geresy	Event-based simulation of stochastic memristive devices for neuromorphic computing	model	2
2025	El–Geresy	Energy-Information Trade-Off in Self-Directed Channel Memristors	device	0
2025	Garda	Testing the SDC memristors in three phase systems	uses	0
2025	Gulafshan	Realistic behavioral model for ReRAMs capturing non-idealities	device	4
2025	Guo	Multisensory Memristive Circuits With Parallel Processing and Dual Adaptive Features	cites	4
2025	Hajtó	State characterisation of self-directed channel memristive devices	device	0
2025	Huang	Design and Application of Memristor-CMOS Ternary Comparator	device	0
2025	Isah	What are Memelements: Memristor, Memcapacitor and Meminductor?	device	1
2025	Kalanaki	Majority voting for low power and low complexity preamble detection by hybrid memristor-CMOS architecture	cites	0
2025	Kirilov	Memristor-Based Logical Gates and Schemes for Artificial Intelligence	device	1
2025	Kirilov	LTSPICE Memristor Neuron with a Modified Transfer Function Based on Memristor Model with Parasitic Parameters	device	1
2025	Kirilov	Octave Memristor Models’ Library and Application for Analysis of Memristors and Memristor-Based Circuits	cites	0
2025	Krestinskaya	Memristors: Properties, Models	model	0
2025	Kumar	New ternary decoders using hybrid memristor-MOS logic	model	1
2025	Kumar	MBTC: Memristor-MOS-Based Binary to Ternary Converter for Image Processing Application	cites	0
2025	Lopez-Jimenez	Experimental Evaluation of Memristor-Enhanced Analog Oscillators: Relaxation and Wien-Bridge Cases	device	6
2025	Mazur	Strategies to Finding Optimal Parameters for Plasticity Changes in Memristor-Based Systems for Neuromorphic Data Computing	device	2
2025	Miranda	From simulation to reality: experimental analysis of a quantum entanglement simulation with slime molds (Physarum polycephalum) as bioelectronic components	device	0
2025	Mladenov	Improved memristor model with parasitic parameters	uses	1
2025	Pan	Transmission Delay Analysis Based on Memristor Gate Circuits	uses	0
2025	Rabiee	Reliable leakage-enabled memristor model for large-scale circuits	cites	0
2025	Safa	OpenMENA: An Open-Source Memristor Interfacing and Compute Board for Neuromorphic Edge-AI Applications	device	1
2025	Salman	Analysis of a novel fractional-order chaotic circuit with a feedback memristor: design, dynamics, and application	cites	0
2025	Schmidt	From simulation to reality: experimental analysis of a quantum entanglement simulation with slime molds (Physarum polycephalum) as bioelectronic components	device	0
2025	Seiler	An efficient robust serial imply-based in-memristor adder	device	0
2025	Seiler	An improved serial imply adder algorithm for efficient neural network applications	device	3
2025	Taher	Investigation in the influence of the device material layers on the electrical performance of the self-directed channel (SDC) memristor	uses	1
2025	Vourkas	A beginner’s guide to developing behavioral models of memristive devices capturing nonideal and dynamic switching response in SPICE	device	1
2025	Vourkas	System interfaces for accurate READing from memristive devices in multi-level ReRAM and neuromorphic computing applications	device	2
2025	Wang	High-Order Associative Learning Based on Memristive Circuits for Efficient Learning	device	0
2025	Wu	A 20-kHz Memristor-based Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters	device	0
2025	Xu	Evaluation of memristor performance in neural networks using an AHaH framework	model	0
2025	Zhou	Design Of Three-Valued Logic Gates Based on Knowm Memristors	uses	0
2024	Afrin	Analysis of Learning Mechanisms in Spiking Neural Networks with R (t) Elements and Memristive Synapses	model	0
2024	Aleshin	Mechanisms of the Formation of Conductive Channels in Bipolar Memristors of Various Designs	cites	1
2024	Bednarz	Measurement and modeling of self-directed channel (SDC) memristors: An extensive study	uses	4
2024	Bednarz	Measurement and Modeling of SDC Memristors: Extensive Study	uses	0
2024	Bednarz	Measurement and Modeling of SDC Memristors: Extensive Study	uses	0
2024	Biolek	Incremental mutators for transforming between extended higher-order elements	uses	3
2024	Biswas	Exploring neuromorphic potentials of silver-based self-directed-channel memristors for artificial synapses in neural network circuits	uses	1
2024	Biswas	… Biologically-inspired AI Hardware Accelerators: Unveiling the Potential of Metal Self-Directed Channel (M-SDC) Memristors in Neuromorphic Computing	uses	0
2024	Dutt	Characterization and Modeling of Long-Term Device Performance in Resistive Random Access Memories	device	0
2024	Gandolfi	Information transfer in neuronal circuits: From biological neurons to neuromorphic electronics	device	6
2024	Garda	Comprehensive Study of SDC Memristors for Resistive RAM Applications	device	8
2024	Guo	Neuromorphic circuit of classical and operant conditioning based on tunable neural circuitry motifs	cites	20
2024	Gupta	Memristors based Computation and Synthesis	device	0
2024	He	Spatiotemporal chaos in a sine map lattice with discrete memristor coupling	uses	31
2024	Huo	Coexistence of cyclic sequential pattern recognition and associative memory in neural networks by attractor mechanisms	cites	6
2024	Isah	The significance of a window function in the modeling of HP TiO2 memristor: Pros and Cons	device	1
2024	Jurj	PySpice-Simulated In Situ Learning with Memristor Emulation for Single-Layer Spiking Neural Networks	cites	2
2024	Kabir	Effects of Group IVA Elements on the Electrical Response of a Ge2Se3-Based Optically Gated Transistor	uses	2
2024	Karakulak	Sawtooth Signal Generator Using a Carbon-Based Memristor	device	2
2024	Kirilov	A simple memristor model for memory devices	cites	5
2024	Liu	Brain‐Like Biomimetic Circuit Design Based on Memristor	cites	1
2024	Melivilu	Conditional and Multi-Level WRITE Operations on Current-Controlled Memristive Devices for Neuromorphic Applications	uses	1
2024	Mladenov	A memristor neural network based on simple logarithmic-sigmoidal transfer function with MOS transistors	model	4
2024	Nachawaty	Voltage‐Driven Fluorine Motion for Novel Organic Spintronic Memristor	cites	13
2024	Panda	Hybrid CMOS Memristor Based Frequency Divider Using D Flip Flop	uses	1
2024	Panda	Hybrid CMOS Memristor-Based Data Compressor Using Shannon Fano Encoder	uses	2
2024	Parlar	A new operational amplifier model using a memristor emulator circuit and application to a phase-shifted oscillator circuit Memristör taklit devresi kullanılarak yeni bir …	cites	4
2024	Pizarro	Design and Simulation of a Hyperdimensional Computing System with Memristive Associative Memory for Image Classification.	cites	1
2024	Qiu	IMPLY-based approximate full adders for efficient arithmetic operations in image processing and machine learning	device	1
2024	Ramirez	An Advanced Memory WRITE Algorithm to Mitigate the Effects of ReRAM Cell Variability	uses	2
2024	Rashidi	Design and physical implementation of memristive logic and computation units	device	0
2024	Souto	Neuromorphic circuit simulation with memristors: Design and evaluation using memtorch for mnist and cifar	device	8
2024	Sun	Guest Editorial: Memristive electronic circuits, neural networks and neuromorphic computing	cites	0
2024	Wang	Ultrafast vision perception by neuromorphic optical flow	cites	0
2024	Wang	Design of chaotic circuit based on Knowm memristor	cites	6
2024	Wang	Preassigned-Time Stabilization of Memristive Chaotic Circuit via Switching Control	cites	0
2024	Wang	Crossbar array based on tri-valued memristors: its design and application.	cites	8
2024	Wang	Design method for unbalanced ternary logic family based on binary memristors	cites	7
2024	Wang	Memristor-based adaptive neuromorphic perception in unstructured environments	cites	59
2024	Wang	A balanced CMOS compatible ternary memristor-NMOS logic family and its application	cites	17
2024	Wang	Elementary cellular automata realized by stateful three-memristor logic operations	cites	2
2024	Wang	Self-reconfigurable multifunctional memristive nociceptor for intelligent robotics	cites	2
2024	WU	Several trigger circuit designs based on memristors	device	0
2024	Zhang	Twin-T Network Oscillator Based on Knowm Memristors	uses	1
2024	Çakır	A memristor-based Liénard Oscillator design	device	3
2024	Çakır	Memristör tabanlı bir Liénard Osilatörü tasarımı	device	4
2023	Aldana	Unravelling the data retention mechanisms under thermal stress on 2D memristors	cites	17
2023	Aleshin	Estimation of the activation energy in the Ag/SnSe/Ge2Se3/W self-directed channel memristor	device	1
2023	Aleshin	Activation processes during operation of an Ag/SnSe/Ge2Se3/W ion memristor with a self− directed current− conducting channel	device	0
2023	Alshaya	Experimental results of 1C1R structure based on Knowm memristor	uses	2
2023	Benatti	Biologically plausible information propagation in a CMOS integrate-and-fire artificial neuron circuit with memristive synapses	device	8
2023	Benatti	Ultra-low power logic in memory with commercial grade memristors and FPGA-based smart-IMPLY architecture	device	1
2023	Benatti	Biologically plausible information propagation in a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor integrate-and-fire artificial neuron circuit with memristive synapses	device	8
2023	Benatti	CMOS leaky integrate-and-fire neuron circuit with memristorbased synapses reveals biologically plausible information transmission	model	0
2023	Cayo	A comprehensive simulation framework to validate progressive read-monitored write schemes for ReRAM	cites	8
2023	Cayo	On the Development of Prognostics and System Health Management (PHM) Techniques for ReRAM Applications	device	3
2023	Cirera	Effective current-driven memory operations for low-power reram applications	device	10
2023	Cirera	Using Current to Drive Two SDC Memristors Connected in Series and in Anti-Series	device	0
2023	Cirera	Current Driven Random Exploration of Resistive Switching Devices, an Opportunity to Improve Bit Error Ratio	device	2
2023	Correr	Exploring amorphous Ge-As-Se-Te as an active layer candidate in memristive devices	cites	0
2023	Cui	An RRAM-based PUF with adjustable programmable voltage and multi-mode operation	device	1
2023	Dalmış	Existence of Capacitive Effects in a Tungsten-based SDC Memristive System	device	2
2023	Ercan	Examination of the Reliability of a Robustness Test for the Self-Directed Channel Carbon-Based Memristors by Reading Their DC Resistance	device	0
2023	Faqiang	A chaotic circuit based on Knowm memristor: modeling, analysis, and experimental verification.	uses	1
2023	Fernandez	Design Exploration of Threshold Logic in Memory and Experimental Implementation Using Knowm Memristors.	uses	10
2023	Guo	Implementing bionic associate memory based on spiking signal	cites	19
2023	Hong	A Field-Programmable Metamaterial Using Memristor as a Stable Switcher	device	0
2023	Jiménez-Gallo	Characterization and modeling of variability in commercial self-directed channel memristors	uses	2
2023	Khan	High Speed Readout Techniques for High Density Non-Volatile Memristor Crossbar Memory with Suppressed Sneak-Path Current	cites	0
2023	Laguna-Sanchez	The probabilistic behavior of the set and reset thresholds in Knowm’s SDC memristors: Characterization and Simulation	device	2
2023	Li	Ternary combinational logic gate design based on tri-valued memristors	cites	1
2023	Lin	Testability design of memristive digital circuits based on Knowm memristor	uses	3
2023	Liu	Compact Model Library in Simscape for Various Memristors	uses	0
2023	Liu	Recent advances in halide perovskite memristors: From materials to applications	cites	13
2023	Lázaro	Design and simulation of memristor-based neural networks	device	4
2023	Lázaro	Design and simulation of memristor-based neural networks	device	0
2023	Ma	A fast homeostatic inhibitory plasticity rule circuit with a memristive synapse	uses	3
2023	Mladenov	Memristor-based neural network implementation with adjustable synaptic weights in LTSPICE	cites	7
2023	Mladenov	Application of metal oxide memristor models in logic gates	cites	9
2023	Moro	Memristive analog computing and innovative sensors for neuromorphic systems	cites	0
2023	Nair	Memristive pixel-CNN loop generate for CNN generalisations	uses	15
2023	Navaz	Memristive Crossbar for Hyper Dimensional Consumer Text Analytics Accelerator	cites	0
2023	Omar	A brief introduction to memristor device	uses	5
2023	Ostrovskii	Design of a memristor-based neuron for spiking neural networks	device	1
2023	Radhakrishnan	Consumer document analytical accelerator hardware	cites	3
2023	Riquelme	RevI-Ve: A comprehensive software interface for easy ReRAM device characterization	uses	3
2023	Ventra	Restoring Sanity: The Memristor Test	device	0
2023	Wang	Ternary Combinational Logic Gates Design Based on Tri-Valued Memristors	model	1
2023	Wang	A balanced Memristor-CMOS ternary logic family and its application	model	1
2023	Алёшин	Активационные процессы при работе ионного мемристора Ag/SnSe/Ge2Se3/W с самоформирующимся токопроводящим каналом	device	0
2022	Aleshin	Temperature-frequency study of germanium selenide memristors with a self-directed current-conducting channel	uses	3
2022	Aleshin	Features of the Formation of Conductive Channels in Memristors Based on Solid Electrolytes	uses	1
2022	Cirera	Stochastic resonance exploration in current-driven reram devices	device	7
2022	Cirera	Exploring different circuit-level approaches to the forming of resistive random access memories	device	7
2022	Dias	Memristor-based neuromodulation device for real-time monitoring and adaptive control of neuronal populations	device	38
2022	Fernandez	Reliability-aware ratioed logic operations for energy-efficient computational ReRAM	cites	5
2022	Fernandez	Design and simulation of peripheral driving circuitry for computational ReRAM	cites	5
2022	Florini	A hybrid CMOS-memristor spiking neural network supporting multiple learning rules	device	23
2022	Frank	Using memristor arrays as physical unclonable functions	device	6
2022	Gallo-Bourdeau	Training of artificial neural networks	cites	12
2022	Gao	BPSK circuit based on SDC memristor	device	5
2022	Getachew	The Memristor and its Implementation in Deep Neural Network Designing: A Review	cites	0
2022	Hasan	Mathematical simulation of memristive for classification in machine learning	uses	0
2022	Hosseini	Combined CMOS-Memristor-Based Phase Frequency Detector	uses	0
2022	Isah	Review on the basic circuit elements and memristor interpretation: Analysis, technology and applications	device	48
2022	Isah	Memristor− the fourth fundamental passive electronic component and its memory interpretation	device	0
2022	Khan	All-Printed Flexible Memristor with Metal–Non-Metal-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticle Thin Films	cites	36
2022	Kim	Application of the Test for Memristor to Experimental Memory Devices	device	0
2022	Laskaridis	Study of a chaotic circuit with a physical memristor as a nonlinear resistor	device	6
2022	Laskaridis	Antimonotonicity, hysteresis and coexisting attractors in a shinriki circuit with a physical memristor as a nonlinear resistor	device	8
2022	Li	A fully configurable PUF using dynamic variations of resistive crossbar arrays	device	14
2022	Lyapunov	Study of resistive switching in GeSx/Ag system for neuromorphic computing applications	cites	0
2022	Marco	Oscillatory circuits with a real non-volatile Stanford memristor model	model	16
2022	Memristors	Available online: https://knowm. org/downloads	uses	8
2022	Ntinas	Harnessing memristor circuits and device variability in emergent computing applications	device	0
2022	Onyejegbu	A variable bandwidth memristor‐based Legendre Optimum low pass filter for radio frequency applications	uses	4
2022	Przyczyna	KNOWM memristors in a bridge synapse delay-based reservoir computing system for detection of epileptic seizures	device	9
2022	Santos	Optimization of memristor based ultrasonic transducers for mesoscopic characterization of biomaterials	uses	4
2022	Santos	Memristor based ultrasonic optimized excitations for mesoscopic nonlinear characterization of biomedical tissues	uses	1
2022	Wang	FPGA synthesis of ternary memristor-CMOS decoders	model	14
2022	Wang	Floating memcapacitor based on knowm memristor and its dynamic behaviors	model	10
2022	Wang	Low-variance memristor-based multi-level ternary combinational logic	model	32
2022	Wang	FPGA synthesis of ternary memristor-CMOS decoders for active matrix microdisplays	model	14
2022	Zhou	Gradient-based neuromorphic learning on dynamical RRAM arrays	model	32
2022	Zhou	A fully memristive spiking neural network with unsupervised learning	model	9
2022	Zhou	Memristive Spiking Neural Network for Neuromorphic Computing	cites	0
2021	Abbood	The Effects of Conductance on Metastable Switches in Memristive Devices Based on Anti-Hebbian and Hebbian (AHaH) Learning Rules	model	1
2021	Bai	Spatial-temporal hybrid neural network with computing-in-memory architecture	cites	21
2021	Baumgarten	Universal computation using localized limit-cycle attractors in neural networks	cites	0
2021	Bunnam	Memristor-based design solutions for mitigating parametric variations in IoT applications	device	2
2021	Cantley	Impact of radiation on pattern recognition in memristor-based neuromorphic circuits	cites	2
2021	Cayo	Design Steps towards a MCU-based Instrumentation System for Memristor-based Crossbar Arrays	uses	7
2021	Chen	A mixed-kernel, variable-dimension memristive CNN for electronic nose recognition	cites	36
2021	Garda	Modeling of Memristors under Periodic Signals of Different Parameters. Energies 2021, 14, 7264	device	9
2021	Garda	Modeling of memristors under periodic signals of different parameters	device	9
2021	Gogoi	Enhancing the Switching Performance of CH3NH3PbI3 Memristors by the Control of Size and Characterization Parameters	cites	23
2021	Isah	Polarity reversal effect of a memristor from the circuit point of view and insights into the memristor fuse	cites	6
2021	Isah	Memristors in Nonlinear Network: Application to Information (Signal and Image) Processing	cites	0
2021	Laube	Device variability analysis for memristive material implication	device	5
2021	Li	Dynamically configurable physical unclonable function based on RRAM crossbar	device	5
2021	Malik	A stochastic compact model describing memristor plasticity and volatility	cites	8
2021	Manu	Comparative analysis of memristor devices as neuron.	device	1
2021	Markovic	Memristors as Candidates for Replacing Digital Potentiometers in Electric Circuits. Electronics 2021, 10, 181	uses	8
2021	Marković	Memristors as candidates for replacing digital potentiometers in electric circuits	uses	8
2021	Miguel	Memristor: funcionamiento y aplicaciones	cites	0
2021	Minati	Chaotic circuit based on physical memristor	uses	0
2021	Ostrovskii	Structural and parametric identification of knowm memristors	device	55
2021	Radakovits	Behavioral leakage and inter-cycle variability emulator model for rerams (BELIEVER)	device	10
2021	Sharif	Hybrid memristor-CMOS implementation of logic gates design using LTSpice	model	3
2021	Sharif	Hybrid memristor-CMOS implementation of logic gates design using LTSpice.	model	3
2021	Shen	History erase effect of real memristors	uses	4
2021	Shen	History Erase Effect of Real Memristors. Electronics 2021, 10, 303	uses	4
2021	Singh	MEMRISTOR BASED ROIC FOR INFRARED SPECTRUM FOREST FIRE DETECTION	model	0
2021	Stoller	Demonstration of three true random number generator circuits using memristor created entropy and commercial off-the-shelf components	device	15
2021	TaheriNejad	SIXOR: Single-cycle in-memristor XOR	device	42
2021	Wey	On Memristor Modeling for a VGA Application	uses	0
2021	Zhao	Gradient decomposition methods for training neural networks with non-ideal synaptic devices	cites	9
2021	Zhao	Gradient Decomposition Methods for Training Neural Networks with Non-Ideal Weights	cites	9
2020	Ahmed	Design of Memristor Device Based Voltage	device	0
2020	Bai	Detection through deep neural networks: a reservoir computing approach for mimo-ofdm symbol detection	cites	4
2020	Bos	uMemristorToolbox: Open source framework to control memristors in Unity for ternary applications	uses	2
2020	Bunnam	Empirical temperature model of self-directed channel memristor	uses	9
2020	Dowling	Probabilistic memristive networks: Application of a master equation to networks of binary ReRAM cells	cites	20
2020	Fernandez	Comprehensive predictive modeling of resistive switching devices using a bias-dependent window function approach	model	16
2020	Fernandez	Shortest path computing in directed graphs with weighted edges mapped on random networks of memristors	model	3
2020	Fernandez	Performance Assessment of Memristor Networks as Shortest Path Problem Solvers	cites	1
2020	Fernandez	ReRAM-based ratioed combinational circuit design: a solution for in-memory computing	cites	7
2020	Fernandez	A voltage-driven window function concept for behavioral memristor device modeling	cites	4
2020	Foster	An FPGA based system for interfacing with crossbar arrays	device	8
2020	Gogoi	A comparative study on the forming methods of chalcogenide memristors to optimize the resistive switching performance	device	12
2020	Isah	Memristor dynamics involved in cells communication for a 2D non‐linear network	cites	11
2020	Ketron	Monte Carlo Simulations on Resistive Switching Memristor Modeling	cites	0
2020	Kim	An experimental proof that resistance‐switching memory cells are not memristors	device	38
2020	Krestinskaya	Memristive GAN in analog	model	57
2020	Liu	Conjugated polymers for information storage and neuromorphic computing	cites	25
2020	López	Reliability-aware circuit design to mitigate impact of device defects and variability in emerging memristor-based applications	cites	0
2020	Minati	A chaotic circuit based on a physical memristor	device	140
2020	Nilsen	Memristor Implementation of a Ternary Storage Circuit	cites	1
2020	Nugent	Knowm Memristor Discovery Manual	uses	3
2020	Reuther	Survey of machine learning accelerators	cites	153
2020	Silva	Hybrid CMOS/Memristor Circuits Emulator	device	0
2020	Stoller	Novel Memristor Based True Random Number Generator	uses	0
2020	Volos	A dream that has come true: Chaos from a nonlinear circuit with a real memristor	device	44
2020	Volos	The first experimental evidence of chaos from a nonlinear circuit with a real memristor	device	10
2020	Wang	High-density memristor-CMOS ternary logic family	model	2
2019	Campbell	The self-directed channel memristor: operational dependence on the metal-chalcogenide layer	uses	11
2019	Correia	Desenho lógico com Memristors	model	0
2019	Drake	Comparison of the electrical response of Cu and Ag ion-conducting SDC memristors over the temperature range 6 K to 300 K	device	15
2019	Escudero	Memristive logic in crossbar memory arrays: Variability-aware design for higher reliability	cites	29
2019	Eshraghian	Analog weights in ReRAM DNN accelerators	model	36
2019	Eshraghian	Retinal and Neural Dynamics using Memristor-CMOS Architectures	device	0
2019	Ghedira	Coexistence of bipolar and unipolar memristor switching behavior	cites	6
2019	Ghedira	Coexistence of Bipolar and Unipolar Memristor Switching	cites	6
2019	Gomez	Voltage divider for self-limited analog state programing of memristors	device	30
2019	Gomez	Exploring memristor multi-level tuning dependencies on the applied pulse properties via a low cost instrumentation setup	device	34
2019	Gomez	Exploring the “resistance change per energy unit” as universal performance parameter for resistive switching devices	uses	10
2019	Grothe	Memristors for programmable circuits controlled by embedded systems	cites	3
2019	Ibrahim	2019 36th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC)	device	4
2019	Inc	Knowm Self Directed Channel Memristors Data Sheet	uses	4
2019	Jafri	Current assisted memory effect in superconductor–ferromagnet bilayers: A potential candidate for memristors	cites	5
2019	Krestinskaya	Memristors: properties, models, materials	cites	13
2019	Lei-Jie	Design and analysis of new meminductor model based on Knowm memristor	uses	6
2019	Lu	Investigation of the Conduction Mechanisms in the Ag-and Cu-Based Self-Directed Channel (SDC) Memristor	uses	0
2019	Majzoub	On the mechanism of creating pinched hysteresis loops using a commercial memristor device	device	26
2019	Marković	Jedno rješenje automatizacije programiranja KnowM memristora	cites	1
2019	Nigus	Binary-Weighted Synaptic Circuit for Neuromorphic Learning System Using Stochastic Memristor SPICE Model	device	0
2019	Nigus	Stochastic and novel generic scalable window function-based deterministic memristor SPICE model comparison and implementation for synaptic circuit design	device	6
2019	Ntinas	Experimental investigation of memristance enhancement	uses	6
2019	Radakovits	Implementation and characterization of a memristive memory system	device	13
2019	Selmy	Hardware implementation of a low power memristor-based voltage controlled oscillator	device	3
2019	TaheriNejad	From behavioral design of memristive circuits and systems to physical implementations	cites	27
2019	TaheriNejad	A semi-serial topology for compact and fast IMPLY-based memristive full adders	cites	27
2019	Vourkas	Modeling Memristor–Based Circuit Networks on Crossbar Architectures	cites	3
2019	Yamamoto	Memristor Engineering: Modeling, Fabrication, and Characterization	device	0
2019	王发强	基于 Knowm 忆阻器的新型忆感器模型的设计与分析	model	2
2018	Azambuja	Action Learning Experiments Using Spiking Neural Networks and Humanoid Robots	cites	0
2018	Campbell	An Optically Gated Transistor Composed of Amorphous M + Ge2Se3 (M = Cu or Sn) for Accessing and Continuously Programming a Memristor	device	12
2018	Caravelli	Memristors for the curious outsiders	cites	64
2018	Chen	OXYGEN AND SILVER-OXYGEN DEFECTS IN Ge2Se3 ELECTROCHEMICAL METALLIZATION BRIDGE MEMRISTORS	uses	0
2018	Dahl	Modeling memristor radiation interaction events and the effect on neuromorphic learning circuits	cites	10
2018	Escudero	Variability-tolerant memristor-based ratioed logic in crossbar array	cites	8
2018	Fey	Simulating memristive networks in systemc-ams	model	2
2018	Garda	The memristor switching behavior from the energy point of view	device	2
2018	Garda	Modeling sinusoidally driven self-directed channel memristors	device	6
2018	Garda	Modeling of Memristors Under Sinusoidal Excitations with Various Frequencies	device	6
2018	Irmanova	Impact of integrated circuit packaging on synaptic dynamics of memristive devices	cites	1
2018	Khrapko	Investigation of the memristor nonlinear properties	device	3
2018	Khrapko	BADANIE NIELINIOWYCH WŁAŚCIWOŚCI MEMRYSTORA	device	0
2018	Molter	Thermodynamisches Rechnen: Neuromorphe Computerarchitekturen Teil 2	model	1
2018	Nugent	Memristors: Where fantasy meets fact (Conference Presentation)	uses	0
2018	Nugent	Self Directed Channel Memristors	uses	6
2018	Suarez	Evaluation of the computational capabilities of a memristive random network (MN3) under the context of reservoir computing	cites	14
2018	Sung	Perspective: A review on memristive hardware for neuromorphic computation	cites	216
2018	Vourkas	Special issue on ‘Advances in Memristive Networks’	model	0
2017	Ballbe	… approach to Memristive Devices and its applications on Stateful Logic: Design and experimental evaluation of the IMPLY logic gate with Knowm memristors	device	0
2017	Ballbe	… to Memristive Devices and its applications on Stateful Logic: Design and experimental evaluation of the IMPLY logic gate with Knowm memristors	device	0
2017	Baumann	Memristor‐enhanced humanoid robot control system–Part II: Circuit theoretic model and performance analysis	model	23
2017	Edblom	Exploration of big data and machine learning in retail	cites	0
2017	Lebdeh	An efficient heterogeneous memristive xnor for in-memory computing	cites	41
2017	Lebdeh	Memristive Stateful Logic Gates for In-Memory Computing Applications	cites	0
2017	Lloyd	Using LT-Spice Circuit Modeling to Investigate the Effects of Changing the Metal-Selenide Layer in the Self-Directed Channel Memristor	uses	0
2017	Llucià	Design of a multi-level memory cell with new emerging non-volatile memristive technology	device	0
2017	Marković	Main-line memristor mounted type loaded-line phase shifter realization	cites	14
2017	Mbarek	Characterization, and modeling of memristor devices	cites	5
2017	Nugent	From memristors to compositional machine learning: Exploring neuromemristive algorithmic abstractions with the knowm api	device	0
2017	Nugent	Thermodynamic-RAM technology stack	device	24
2017	Rziga	The basic I–V characteristics of memristor model: simulation and analysis	cites	27
2016	Azambuja	Diverse, noisy and parallel: a new spiking neural network approach for humanoid robot control	cites	11
2016	Berdan	Emulating short-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices	model	139
2016	Boyn	Ferroelectric tunnel junctions: memristors for neuromorphic computing	cites	0
2016	Campbell	Self-directed channel memristor for high temperature operation	device	143
2016	Campbell	Pulse shape and timing dependence on the spike-timing dependent plasticity response of ion-conducting memristors as synapses	uses	35
2016	Castillo	More than Moore. Experience on material implication computing with an electromechanical memristor emulator	cites	1
2016	Escudero-López	An experience with chalcogenide memristors, and implications on memory and computer applications	device	2
2016	Fey	Evaluating ternary adders using a hybrid memristor/CMOS approach	model	4
2016	Korczynski	Memristor variants and models from Knowm	uses	0
2016	Lecklider	Did the memristor breakthroug (finally) occur?	device	0
2016	Molter	The generalized metastable switch memristor model	model	74
2016	Molter	Machine Learning with Memristors via Thermodynamic RAM	model	2
2016	Nugent	Memristive neural processor utilizing anti-hebbian and hebbian technology	uses	70
2016	Santos	A memristor based ultrasonic transducer: The memosducer	uses	16
2016	Wang	A New Simple Chaotic Circuit Based on Memristor	cites	80
2016	Wu	A new simple chaotic circuit based on memristor	cites	80
2016	Zuin	Experience on material implication computing with an electromechanical memristor emulator	cites	1
2015	Campbell	Reconfigurable Electronics and Non-Volatile Memory Research	device	0
2014	Nugent	Cortical Processing with Thermodynamic-RAM	uses	3
2014	Nugent	AHaH computing with thermodynamic RAM: bridging the technology stack	uses	0
—	Anagnostopoulos	Using Memristor Arrays as Physical Unclonable Functions	device	0
—	Chua	Definición y crítica del memristor	cites	0
—	Fernández	Memristor-based Neuromorphic Computing	device	0
—	Garda	Abstract submission template for MEMRISYS 2017 The memristor switching behavior from the energetic point of view	device	0
—	III	Memristors in Neural Networks	device	0
—	Lázaro	Diseño y simulación de redes neuronales basadas en memristores Design and simulation of memristor-based neural networks.	device	0
—	Ντίνας	Αξιοποίηση μεταβλητότητας διατάξεων memristor και κυκλωμάτων memristor για εφαρμογές αναδυόμενου υπολογισμού	device	0

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Next in the series: what people built with these devices — neuromorphic synapses, in-memory logic, chaos circuits, hardware security, and a few strange applications.